Stripped
Stripped

Stripped (2014)

2014 • 1h 11m • Not Rated
7.1/10 444
71% 22
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On August 10, 2026
#34732 ▼ 17411
34732nd by attention movie online
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4,852.8 Attention Score
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Photos from Movie"Stripped"

All (5) Backdrops(1) Posters(1) Logos(3)

Backdrops (1)

Stripped
Size 2680×1505
Language —
w300 w780 w1280 2680×1505

Posters (1)

Stripped
Size 549×823
Language EN
w92 w154 w185 w342 w500 w780 549×823

Logos (3)

Stripped
Size 1600×354
Language EN
w45 w92 w154 w300 w500 1600×354
Stripped
Size 1600×354
Language EN
w45 w92 w154 w300 w500 1600×354
Stripped
Size 1600×365
Language EN
w45 w92 w154 w300 w500 1600×365